湖南师大自考网分享;自考交通土建之《工程应用英语》复习资料
汉译英题：
331. 这些伟大建筑物不是数学知识和物理知识的产物。反而它们修建在经验和观察的基础之上，经常是作为反复试验不断摸索的结果。
它们幸存下来的原因之一就是建筑于其内的巨大强度—在大部分情况下这种强度比必要的强度要大得多。
These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics.
They were constructed instead on the basis of experience and observation, often as the result of trial and error.
One of the reasons they have survived is because of the great strength
that was built in them—strength more than necessary in most cases.
332. 人们可以利用好几种电子测距仪。这些仪器的优点稍有不同，但是它们的工作原理是相同的。
它们主要由一个安装在被测距离一端的发射器和一个安装在另一端的发射器组成。
Several EDM devices are available. They have slightly different advantages,
but they all work on the same general principle.
They consist mainly of a transmitter located at one end of distance to be measured and a reflector at the other end.
333. 混凝土受压时表现很强，但是受拉时表现很弱。它的抗拉强度只有它抗压强度的百分之八到百分之十四。
由于这样低的抗拉能力，在它的荷载早期就会形成弯曲的裂缝。
Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension. Its tensile strength varies from 8 to
14 percent of its compressive strength.
Due to such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks develop at early stages of loading.
334. 排水设施根据水来源的不同可分为两种类型，地面排水设施和地下排水设施。
公路的地面排水系统包括足够大的横坡和纵坡、纵向沟渠、涵洞、桥梁以及设置在分向行驶公路中间带上的雨水井与排水管。
地下排水系统排除三种形式的水：通过裂缝或接缝的渗透水、毛细作用上升水以及地下水。
Drainage facilities are divided into two types according to the water sources, surface and subsurface drainage.
The surface drainage system for highways include sufficient transverse and longitudinal slopes, longitudinal channels,
culverts, bridges and storm inlets and drains, which are provided on the median of divided highways.
Subsurface drainage system drains water in three forms: water that has permeated through cracks and joints,
water that has moved upward as a result of capillary action and ground water.
335. 公路定线包括现有资料的室内研究、路线踏勘测量、初步定线和最终定线。
踏勘测量的主要任务是在路线带内确定几条可行的路线，
并把它绘在地图上。近来，计算机技术的应用极大地提高了公路定线的效率，从而使得到最佳路线成为可能。
The highway location involves four phases: office study of existing information,
reconnaissance survey of routes] preliminary location and final location.
The primary object of reconnaissance survey is to identify several feasible routes with a band,
then plotting on photographic maps.
336. 坡度对于卡车比对客车有更大的影响。最大纵坡的选择取决于设计车速和设计车辆，
最小纵坡则取决于公路的排水状况。
建在有适当路拱、坚实的地基上的高级路面，其最小纵坡可以减小到0.3%。
Grade has a greater impact on trucks than passenger cars.
The selection of maximum grade for a highway depends on design speed and design vehicle,
and that of minimum grade depends on the drainage conditions of the highway.
Minimum grade maybe reduced to 0.3 percent on high-type pavement
constructed on suitably crowned, firm ground.
337. 城市平面交叉口通常需要采用信号控制来组织交通及减少事故。在立交中，车辆通过匝道来转换行驶方向。
设计菱形立交匝道时，必须注意避免错路运行。
In urban areas, the intersections at grade generally require signalized control to organize
the vehicles and decrease in accidents.
The vehicles in interchange may transfer their movement direction by the use of ramps.
Wrong-way movements must be taken care of in the design of the ramps of diamond interchange.
338. 按照设计标准修建的高速公路是各种等级公路中最安全的。据估计，
速公路承担着总交通量中25%的交通量。
无论采用什么设计速度，都应该设置从高速公路主线到匝道端点的过渡段。
Freeways built to the design standards are the safest of the various classes of highways.
It is estimated that freeways carry 25 percent of the total traffic.
Whatever design speed is selected, transitions from the mainline of a freeway to
the ramp terminal should be developed.
339. 土石方设备的选择主要取决于材料的性质和运距。推土机、铲运机和自卸汽车的经济运距各不相同。
岩石必须首先凿眼、爆破，然后用装载机或挖土机装入货车或其他运输设备。
The selection of earth working equipment is primarily depended upon the nature of the materials and the haul distance.
The economical haul distances of bulldozers, scrapers and dump trucks are different. Rocks must be drilled and blasted,
then loaded with loader or shovel into trucks or other hauling units.
340. 交通事故是指由于车辆在交通中引起人员伤亡或物质损失。交通事故按照其严重程度一般可分为死亡、
重伤、轻伤和物质损失。
交通事故的原因主要包括人、车辆、道路和环境因素。
A traffic accident denotes the event in which personal injury or death or property damage is
caused by vehicles in traffic. Traffic accidents can be grouped as death, serious and light injury,
and the property damage according to their severity. Causes of traffic accidents are principally related to person,
the vehicle, the road,and the environment.
341. 也许真正需要的是交通事故和交通安全之间的均衡。平曲线半径、交叉口设计等都是影响交通安全的重要因素。
为了生产更安全和在撞车事故中少受损坏的车辆，汽车制造商和研究人员做出很大努力。
Perhaps what is really wanted is a balance between traffic accidents and safety. Radii of horizontal,
designs of intersections are important factors in traffic safety.
Automobile manufactures and researchers make great efforts to produce safer and less
damaged vehicles in collision events.
342. 路面标线为驾驶员提供重要信息。在晚上及恶劣气候情况下，它们特别重要。
因此，路面标线必须是定向反光的。
Pavement marking provides important information to the driver.
Pavement markings are particularly important at night and during inclement weather.
Therefore, they must be retro reflective.
343. 发货人和旅行者根据所提供的服务水平选择交通运输方式。术语服务水平是用来表述道路为交通服务的质量。
每一种交通运输方式就出行时间、次数、舒适度、可靠性、便利性和安全性方面提供一系列独特的服务特点。
The shippers and travelers choose transportation modes in term of level of service provided.
The term level of service is used to describe the quality of service that is provided for the traffic by the roads.
Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort,
reliability, convenience and safety.
344. 公路运输是乘客出行的主要交通方式。公路运输具有机动灵活并能提供门到门服务的特点。
我国的公路运输网的主骨架是由12条限制出入的高速公路组成。Highway transportation is the
dominant transportation mode
in passenger travel. It has the advantages of flexibility and ability to provide door-to-door service.
The backbone of highway transportation network comprises of 12 limited-access freeways in our country.
345. 正确设计的缓和曲线可以避免交织。因此，安全性是采用它们的一个原因。
另外一个原因就是它们使线形的外观更加流畅、平顺。
Properly designed easement curves make weaving unnecessary. Safety, then, is an argument favoring them.
Another is that they give alignments a smoother, more flowing appearance.
346. 用于高速公路的标志设计应与线形设计同时进行。在互通立交几何设计和空间布置之后再去设计标志经常会导致标志性差，
带来运营问题。可是，不合理的高速公路设计并不能通过设置标志来克服。
Signing for freeways should be planned concurrently with the geometric design.
Trying to sign after interchange geometrics and spacings have been finalized has often resulted in poor signing design
and operational problem. However, poor freeway design cannot be overcome by signing.
347. 分层施工同样可以使土体本身及其密度、含水率更加均匀。这是有好处的，因为随后产生的固结或膨胀将相对更加均匀。
与此相反，填方通过端部填筑施工或当摊铺厚度很大时，各处的材料、密度与含水率可能相差很大。
Layered construction also produced greater uniformity in the material itself and in its density and moisture content.
This is beneficial since any subsequent consolidation or swelling would be relatively uniform. By contrast,
in fills constructed by end dumping or by placing in thick layers, material, density,
and moisture content could vary greatly from one spot to another.
348. 差不多在所有工程项目中，施工是一个复杂的过程。由于施工会很危险，所以安全因素必须考虑在内。
一位未来的土木工程师应当意识到将要对他（她）提出的体力要求。
Construction is a complicated process on almost all engineering projects.
Safety factors must also be taken into account, since construction can be very dangerous.
The prospective civil engineer should be aware of the physical demands that will be made on him or her.
349. 当某人在文件上签字后，他就被认为已阅读并同意文件的内容。合同各方同意做某事，
如果当事人一方未能履行协议中规定的义务，他应承担违约责任。这些合同中，值得注意的是土地转让合同。
Once a person has signed a document he is assumed to have read and approved its contents.
Each party to the contract has agreed to do something, and is liable for breach of contract if he fails
to perform his part of agreement. Notable among these contracts are contracts for the sale and disposal of land.
350. 承包商必须按照合同的条款履行自己的责任。雇主一般不受报价最低的投标者或任何投标者约束。The conditions of contract define the obligations and performances to which the contractor will be subject.
The employer does not usually bind himself to accept the lowest or indeed any tender.
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